Cervical Cancer in Pakistan: Socioeconomic Determinants, Screening Barriers, and Stigma

Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a significant public health challenge worldwide and is among the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women in Pakistan, particularly those of reproductive age. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), especially types 16 and 18, is the principal cause of cervical cancer. Despite the availability of effective preventive measures, including HPV vaccination and routine cervical screening, Pakistan continues to experience a high disease burden due to limited awareness, inadequate screening services, socioeconomic disparities, and cultural stigma surrounding sexual and reproductive health. Evidence indicates that factors such as low educational attainment, poverty, rural residence, and misconceptions about cervical cancer substantially reduce participation in screening programs. This editorial highlights the epidemiological burden of cervical cancer in Pakistan, examines the socioeconomic and cultural barriers that hinder early detection, and emphasizes the importance of implementing nationwide HPV vaccination, expanding access to affordable screening services, strengthening healthcare provider capacity, and promoting culturally appropriate health education. A coordinated policy and community-based approach is essential to improve early diagnosis, reduce mortality, and advance women's health outcomes in Pakistan.